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          Linux学习笔记
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            <p>用于记录Linux学习过程,基于CentOS</p>
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<a id="more"></a>

<hr>
<h2 id="Linux简单介绍"><a href="#Linux简单介绍" class="headerlink" title="Linux简单介绍"></a>Linux简单介绍</h2><p>Linux可划分为以下四个部分：</p>
<ul>
<li>Linux内核：主要负责系统内存管理、软件程序管理、硬件设备管理和文件系统管理四种功能</li>
<li>GNU工具：</li>
<li>图形化桌面环境</li>
<li>应用软件</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/Linux.png" alt="Linux系统"></p>
<h3 id="内存管理系统"><a href="#内存管理系统" class="headerlink" title="内存管理系统"></a>内存管理系统</h3><p>Linux内核不仅管理服务器上的可用物理内存，还可以创建和管理虚拟内存。</p>
<p>内核通过硬盘上的存储空间来实现虚拟内存，这块区域称为<strong>交换空间</strong>（swap space）。</p>
<p>内存存储单元按组划分成很多块，这些块称作页面（page）。内核将每个内存页面放在物理 内存或交换空间。然后，内核会维护一个内存页面表，指明哪些页面位于物理内存内，哪些页面被换到了磁盘上。</p>
<p>内核会记录哪些内存页面正在使用中，并自动把一段时间未访问的内存页面复制到交换空间区域（称为换出，swapping out）——即使还有可用内存。当程序要访问一个已被换出的内存页面时，内核必须从物理内存换出另外一个内存页面给它让出空间，然后从交换空间换入请求的内存页面。显然，这个过程要花费时间，拖慢运行中的进程。只要Linux系统在运行，为运行中的程序换出内存页面的过程就不会停歇。</p>
<h3 id="软件程序管理"><a href="#软件程序管理" class="headerlink" title="软件程序管理"></a>软件程序管理</h3><p>Linux操作系统将运行中的程序称为<strong>进程</strong>。内核控制着Linux系统如何管理运行在系统上的所有进程。</p>
<p>内核创建了第一个进程（称为init进程）来启动系统上所有其他进程。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>脚本通过到/etc/init.d目录下的入口启动</p>
</blockquote>
<p>当内核启动时，它会将init进程加载到虚拟内存中。内核在启动任何其他进程时，都会在虚拟内存中给新进程分配一 块专有区域来存储该进程用到的数据和代码。</p>
<h3 id="硬件设备管理"><a href="#硬件设备管理" class="headerlink" title="硬件设备管理"></a>硬件设备管理</h3><p>任何Linux系统需要与之通信的设备，都需要在内核代码中加入其驱动程序代码。驱动程序代码相当于应用程序和硬件设备的中间人，允许内核与设备之间交换数据。</p>
<p>在Linux内核中有两种方法用于插入设备驱动代码：</p>
<ul>
<li>编译进内核的设备驱动代码</li>
<li>可插入内核的设备驱动模块</li>
</ul>
<p>开发人员提出了内核模块的概念。它允许将驱动代码插入到运行中的内核而无需重新编译内 核。</p>
<p>Linux系统将硬件设备当成特殊的文件，称为设备文件。设备文件有3种分类：</p>
<ul>
<li>字符型设备文件</li>
<li>块设备文件</li>
<li>网络设备文件</li>
</ul>
<p>字符型设备文件是指处理数据时每次只能处理一个字符的设备。大多数类型的调制解调器和终端都是作为字符型设备文件创建的。</p>
<p>块设备文件是指处理数据时每次能处理大块数据的设备，比如硬盘。</p>
<p>网络设备文件是指采用数据包发送和接收数据的设备，包括各种网卡和一个特殊的回环设备。这个回环设备允许Linux系统使用常见的网络编程协议同自身通信。</p>
<p>Linux为系统上的每个设备都创建一种称为<strong>节点</strong>的特殊文件。与设备的所有通信都通过设备节点完成。每个节点都有唯一的数值对供Linux内核标识它。数值对包括一个主设备号和一个次设备号。类似的设备被划分到同样的主设备号下。次设备号用于标识主设备组下的某个特定设备。</p>
<h3 id="文件系统管理"><a href="#文件系统管理" class="headerlink" title="文件系统管理"></a>文件系统管理</h3><p><img src="http://img.whl123456.top/image/image-20200611200821228.png" alt="Linux文件系统"></p>
<h2 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项"></a>注意事项</h2><ul>
<li><p>Linux严格区分大小写</p>
</li>
<li><p>Linux中所有的内容以文件形式保存，包括硬件</p>
</li>
<li><p>Linux不靠扩展名区分文件类型，基于权限</p>
<blockquote>
<p>压缩包：.gz、.bz2、.tar.bz2、.tgz<br>二进制包：.rpm<br>脚本文件：.sh<br>配置文件：.conf</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>设备需要挂载后才能使用</p>
</li>
<li><p>Linux使用正斜线（\）在文件路径中划分目录，反斜线（/）用来标志转义字符</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Linux各目录的作用"><a href="#Linux各目录的作用" class="headerlink" title="Linux各目录的作用"></a>Linux各目录的作用</h2><ul>
<li>/bin/：存放系统命令目录，所有用户都可以执行</li>
<li>/sbin/：只有root可以设置</li>
<li>/usr/bin/：存放与系统启动无关的命令，单用户下无法执行</li>
<li>/usr/sbin/：只有root可以设置</li>
<li>/boot/：系统启动目录，保存系统相关的文件</li>
<li>/dev/：设备保存位置</li>
<li>/etc/：配置文件保存位置</li>
<li>/home/：普通用户目录</li>
<li>/lib/：系统调用的函数库</li>
<li>/opt/：第三方安装的软件保存位置，习惯把软件放置到/usr/local/</li>
<li>/lost+found/：这个目录一般情况下是空的，当系统非法关机后，这里就存放了一些文件</li>
<li>/root/：该目录为系统管理员，也称作超级权限者的用户主目录。</li>
<li>/proc/：虚拟文件系统，设备状态信息，数据保存在内存中</li>
<li>/sys/：保存内核相关信息</li>
<li>/root/：超级用户</li>
<li>/srv/：服务数据目录</li>
<li>/tmp/：临时目录，可以清空</li>
<li>/usr/：系统软件资源目录</li>
<li>/var/：动态数据保存位置，日志，软件运行产生的文件</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Linux常用命令"><a href="#Linux常用命令" class="headerlink" title="Linux常用命令"></a>Linux常用命令</h2><p>命令格式：命令 [-选项]  [参数]</p>
<h3 id="目录处理"><a href="#目录处理" class="headerlink" title="目录处理"></a>目录处理</h3><ol>
<li><p>显示目录文件：<code>ls</code></p>
<p>命令英文原意：list</p>
<ul>
<li><code>-a</code> 显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件</li>
<li><code>-l</code> 显示详情信息[h]人性化显示（可以直接使用<code>ll</code>）</li>
<li><code>-d</code> 查看目录属性</li>
<li><code>-i</code> 文件ID号</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>-rw-r–r–</p>
<p>第1个“-”文件类型包括：-二进制文件，d目录，l软连接文件</p>
<p>第2-4个所有者</p>
<p>第5-7个所属组</p>
<p>第8-10个其他人</p>
<p>r读、w写、x执行</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>创建目录：<code>mkdir</code><br>命令英文原意：make directories</p>
<ul>
<li><code>-p</code> 递归创建</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>切换目录：<code>cd</code></p>
<p>命令英文原意：change directory</p>
</li>
<li><p>查看当前目录：<code>pwd</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>删除空目录：<code>rmdir</code><br>命令英文原意：remove empty directories</p>
</li>
<li><p>复制文件或目录：<code>cp</code><br>命令英文原意：copy</p>
<ul>
<li><code>-rp</code>[原目录] [目标目录]</li>
<li><code>-r</code> 复制目录</li>
<li><code>-p</code> 保留文件属性</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>剪切或改名文件：<code>mv</code><br>命令英文原意：move</p>
<ul>
<li>mv [原目录] [目标目录]</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>删除文件：<code>rm</code><br>命令英文原意：remove</p>
<ul>
<li><code>-r</code> 删除目录</li>
<li><code>-f</code> 强制删除</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="文件处理"><a href="#文件处理" class="headerlink" title="文件处理"></a>文件处理</h3><ol>
<li>创建空文件：<code>touch</code></li>
<li>显示文件内容：<code>cat</code> ；<code>tac</code>（反向展示）[-n]</li>
<li>分页显示文件内容：more；less<ul>
<li>空格或f翻页</li>
<li>回车换行</li>
<li>q退出</li>
<li>less b向上翻页</li>
<li>less 查找n</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>显示文件前几行：<code>head</code> [-n]指定行数</li>
<li>显示文件后几行：<code>tail</code> [-f] 查看动态变化[-n]</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="链接命令"><a href="#链接命令" class="headerlink" title="链接命令"></a>链接命令</h3><p>生成链接文件：<code>ln</code>（link）[-s]创建软链接</p>

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